Associations among stressors across the lifespan, disability, and relapses in adults with multiple sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION: Stress and adversity during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood could impact the present and future health and well-being of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS); however, a lifespan approach and nuanced stressor data are scarce in this nascent area of research. Our aim was to examine relationships among comprehensively measured lifetime stressors and two self-reported MS outcomes: (1) disability and (2) relapse burden changes since COVID-19 onset. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from a nationally distributed survey of U.S.-based adults with MS. Hierarchical block regressions were used to sequentially evaluate contributions to both outcomes independently. Likelihood ratio (LR) tests and Akaike information criterion (AIC) were used to evaluate additional predictive variance and model fit. RESULTS: A total of 713 participants informed either outcome. Most respondents (84%) were female, 79% had relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), and mean (SD) age was 49 (12.7) years. Childhood (R2  = .261, p < .001; AIC = 1063, LR p < .05) and adulthood stressors (R2  = .2725, p < .001, AIC = 1051, LR p < .001) contributed significantly to disability, above and beyond prior nested models. Only adulthood stressors (R2  = .0534, p < .001; AIC = 1572, LR p < .01) significantly contributed above the nested model for relapse burden changes since COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Stressors across the lifespan are commonly reported in PwMS and could contribute to disease burden. Incorporating this perspective into the "lived experience with MS" could facilitate personalized health care by addressing key stress-related exposures and inform intervention research to improve well-being.

The impact of child and adult stressors on multiple sclerosis biopsychosocial disease features

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that disproportionately affects people in North America. Although the etiology and cure remain unknown, interactions among genetic, environmental (e.g., latitude), and behavioral (e.g., smoking) influences are considered contributing factors. The Social Safety Theory offers a pathway from stress to disease through the physiological responses of the inflammation cascade. Through this cascade, childhood stressors have been implicated in the development of many physical health conditions including heart disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, diabetes, and numerous autoimmune diseases. Childhood stressors are also linked with behavioral and mental health outcomes including perceived stress in adulthood and substance use. Adult stress has been associated with MS onset and relapses. Although traumatic stressors have been associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, remarkably few studies (n=5) have investigated the relationship between childhood stressors and MS disease features. Of these studies, none accounted for adult stressors, and few accounted for MS specific covariates.Purpose: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate relationships among childhood adversity, adult stressors, and features of MS while accounting for MS specific confounders. Guided by the Social Safety Theory, this work posits that child and adult stressors are social threats which elicit neuroinflammatory responses contributing to MS symptoms.Methods: An electronic invitation was sent to the National MS Society listserv of 80,000 people with MS, and 924 participants successfully completed the survey. The aims of this dissertation include to examine the associations between: 1) cumulative child stressor characteristics (e.g., severity, duration), and cumulative adult stressor characteristics with individual MS disease outcome features;2) child stressor types, grouped by emotional, physical, and environmental, and MS disease features;and 3) individual lifetime stressor type characteristics (e.g., physical danger severity) and MS disease features. Hierarchical block modeling was used for aims 1 and 2 to assess the shared contribution of similar stressors, while multiple regression was used for aim 3.Results: For aim 1, hierarchical block modeling was used to sequentially assess childhood cumulative and adult cumulative stressors in relation to the six MS outcomes. Both child and adult stressors were associated with three outcomes, pain interference, disability, and mental health comorbidity. Only child stressors were associated with fatigue, while only adult stressors were associated with relapse burden changes since Covid-19. The age at symptom onset was not significantly associated with any stressors. For aim 2, hierarchical block modeling was used to sequentially assess childhood stressors, grouped by emotional, physical, and environmental stressors. At least two types of childhood stressors were significantly associated with all MS feature outcomes, except the relapse burden change since Covid-19 which was unaffected by stressors. For aim 3, multiple regression was used to assess cumulative stressors across the lifespan, grouped into five core social-psychological types, and the same six MS features. Stressors were significantly associated with four features, fatigue, pain interference, age at symptom onset, and mental health comorbidity. Stressors did not impact disability or relapse burden change.Conclusions: Findings across all aims fill gaps and advance knowledge in this field. This dissertation supports relationships between stressors experienced across the lifespan and common clinical features of MS. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Service Workers' Experience and Perceptions of Workplace Protective Measures During the Onset of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: The Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents a unique burden specifically for workers in service industries. However, limited research on service worker's experience during the onset of COVID-19 exists. We aimed to describe the experiences and concerns of service industry workers during the pandemic's onset. METHODS: This is a mixed-method study. Participants were recruited through social media and completed either a survey or a phone interview during May and June 2020. The survey and transcribed interview data were analyzed using the SPSS software and content analysis, respectively. RESULTS: Twenty-seven individuals completed audio-recorded phone interviews and 28 completed the survey. Participants were mostly women between 19 and 65 years old. Participants worked in food retail (n = 23), restaurant (n = 25), and hospitality (n = 7) industries. There was discordance in perceived threat level of COVID-19. Most participants reported that their workplace complied with their state's mandates for protection measures, while others reported lacking basic supplies such as soap, hand sanitizer, and masks. Job insecurity, change of job tasks, and work hours were the most common ways that COVID-19 affected the workers. Worker's assertiveness to self-protect while at work was influenced by their perceived severity of the pandemic. CONCLUSION/APPLICATION TO PRACTICE: This study highlights the vulnerability of service workers relating to job security and job tasks during the pandemic. Organizational processes are needed to promote safe work environments and facilitate access to resources for these workers. In addition, occupational health practitioners need to be aware of and address the emerging health risks and worker needs.

COVID-19 and mental health of food retail, food service, and hospitality workers.

The coronavirus pandemic has taken a detrimental toll on the lives of individuals globally. In addition to the direct effect (e.g., being infected with the virus), this pandemic has negatively ravaged many industries, particularly food retail, food services, and hospitality. Given the novelty of the disease, the true impact of COVID-19 remains to be determined. Because of the nature of their work, and the characteristics of the workers, individuals in the food retail, food service, and hospitality industries are a group whose vulnerability is at its most fragile state during this pandemic. Through this qualitative study, we explored workers' perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 on their mental health and coping, including screening for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder symptoms. Twenty-seven individual interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Four key themes emerged: being infected and infecting others, the unknown, isolation, and work and customer demands. Considering the many uncertainties of COVID-19, workers in these three industries were experiencing heightened levels of mental distress because of where they worked and the already existing disparities they faced on a daily basis before the pandemic started. Yet they remained hopeful for a better future. More studies are needed to fully understand the magnitude, short-term, and long-term effects of COVID-19. Based on this study's findings, programs are critically needed to promote positive coping behaviors among at-risk and distressed workers. Recommendations for employers, occupational health and safety professionals, and policy stakeholders to further support these service workers are discussed.